pH logger sensor NUL-206

This sensor can be used to measure the static pH values of common liquids (water, milk, soft drinks, vinegar, etc.) as well as the changing values in titrations or experiments such as those looking at the effect of antacids.

The pH sensor is designed for long life in a variety of general purpose situations. Its sealed reference system and gel fill make it easy to use and maintain. With an epoxy body it is a durable electrode for use both in the laboratory and in the field.

Oxygen logger sensor NUL-205

This sensor can be used to make measurements of the level of free oxygen in air or dissolved oxygen in water.

The free oxygen in air mode is used to measure changes in oxygen levels during combustion or in reactions that produce oxygen (hydrogen peroxide decomposition). The dissolved and free oxygen modes are very useful in the study of photosynthesis.

The oxygen sensor is designed for use both in the school laboratory and in the field. It employs easy-to-use polarographic (Clark) technology and replaceable membranes are available for it. The electrode itself is constructed of Delrin® for durability.

With its integral thermistor, it provides dependable temperature-compensated measurements. The thermistor is housed in stainless steel and sealed on the electrode’s outer wall providing fast, accurate readings.

This sensor can be used for temperature measurements in solids, liquids or gases.

Light logger sensor NUL-204

This sensor is very versatile with applications in many areas of the natural sciences. It can be used to study photosynthesis in biology, light-emitting chemical reactions in chemistry, the effect of changing voltage on a light-bulb’s output in physics and more.

This sensor measures illumination with three ranges; it can be used in low light environments such as in a classroom, or high light environments as in daylight outdoors.

With both fast and slow modes, it can be used to measure fast light changes such as those produced by light bulbs connected to an AC supply, as well as the almost steady levels outside on a sunny day.

The light sensor in located in a plastic box just behind an access hole.

Current logger sensor NUL-202

This sensor can be used to measure the current in parallel or series branches of low voltage AC and DC circuits and also to investigate the dependence of the current flow through components on the voltage across them.

With its 4 mm plugs it can easily be connected into electric circuits.

Voltage logger sensor NUL-201

This sensor measures voltages across various resistive, capacitive and inductive components, as well as those of photovoltaic cells, batteries and power supplies. This sensor can also be used to measure electrode potentials and to investigate the charging and discharging of capacitors.

When used in conjunction with the

Current sensor, the dependence of the current flowing on the applied voltage can be studied in various electric circuits.

This sensor can be used to measure low voltage AC and DC circuits. With its 4 mm plugs, it can easily be connected into electric circuits.

It can also measure, using a step-down transformer, the AC voltage of the main supply and check its frequency 50/60 Hz (the input is limited to ±20 V).

Christiani (Germany and Austria)

Call: 07531 5801-9908

Linaa & Danfauna A/S (Denmark)

Call: +45 – 8680 2666

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• Examine the properties of sea water and fresh water in terms of salinity and pH.
• Explore environmental issues related to these properties.

• Understand how air pressure changes with altitude.
• Measure altitude on different floors of a building using a barometer.

• Explore different levels of wind speed.
• Assess the speed of natural or simulated wind by using the Beaufort scale.
• Compare the assessment with the Anemometer logger sensor data.

• Understand the concept of dew point.
• Explore different ways of measuring dew point.

• Learn about Rayleigh scattering and how it affects the color of the sky.
• Investigate visible, UVA, and UVB light throughout the day.

• Learn about microclimates and the factors that affect them.
• Investigate different microclimates using logger sensors.
• Learn how GPS measurements can be useful to understand microclimate concepts.

• Study the relationship between temperature, relative humidity and dew point.
• Follow temperature and relative humidity during a period of 24 hours.

• Learn how a lemon and some common household materials work as an electrochemical cell.
• Measure the lemon cell’s voltage with different combinations of electrodes and determine which electrodes are more efficient.

• Learn about strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes and non electrolytes.
• Learn about molar mass and unit conversion.
• Examine the conductivity of different substances dissolved in water.

• Study the chemical process of combustion.
• Measure the oxygen levels during the combustion of a candle.

• Measure dissolved oxygen in water by using an oxygen sensor.
• Learn about physical factors that influence oxygen solubility in water.
• Examine the dissolved oxygen in turbulent water.

• Study the acid rain phenomenon by producing carbon dioxide and dissolving it in water.

• Study the titration process.
• Follow changes in the pH during the titration process while adding a strong base to a strong acid.
• Use a drop counter in order to get a pH versus volume (in drops) graph.

• Learn about the Ideal Gas Law and Gay-Lussac’s Law.
• Investigate the relationship between temperature and pressure in a sealed chamber while heating it up.

• Learn about the three classical phases of matter, phase changes, and heating and cooling curves.
• Investigate the technique of distillation and to separate the components of a mixture by this means.
• study the chemical differences between ethanol and water.

• Learn about the three classical phases of matter, phase changes, and heating and cooling curves.
• Investigate the technique of distillation and to separate the components of a mixture by this means.
• Study the chemical differences between ethanol and water.

• Study the changes in temperature caused by the evaporation of two liquids.
• Relate the temperature difference due to evaporation, to the strength of intermolecular attraction and molecular weight.

• Study enthalpy through a baking soda and vinegar reaction.
• Learn about endothermic and exothermic reactions.

• Study the relationship between the concentration of a solution and its absorbance according to the Beer-Lambert law.
• Plot a calibration curve in order to determine the concentration of an unknown sample.

• Learn about factors that affect relative humidity.
• Decrease the relative humidity in a box by means of a hygroscopic material to understand this phenomenon.

• Study the behavior of ideal gases.
• Investigate the relationship between volume and pressure according to Boyle’s law.

• Understand the concepts of light waves and color.
• Investigate how red, green and blue liquids absorb light of different wavelengths.
• Learn about colorimeter applications.

• Learn about different parts of a flame and how different candles produce flames with different temperature.
• Recognize different regions in the flame of a candle and measure each region’s temperature with a wide range temperature sensor.
• Compare the temperature of different types of candles.

• Study the motion of falling objects.
• Learn about the effect of air resistance force.
• Study motion parameters of a bouncing ball.

• Learn about motion parameters.
• Study the motion parameters of walking.

• Learn about motion parameters.
• Study the relationship between position, velocity and acceleration of a moving cart.

• Study the relationship between force, mass and acceleration according to Newton’s second law.
• Use different masses and examine the results.

• Learn about the four motion equations.
• Study the motion of a cart on an inclined plane.
• Study motion with constant acceleration.

• Learn about the relationship between friction force, normal force and friction coefficient.
• Observe changes in the friction force within different surfaces and different masses.
• Calculate the friction coefficients (static and kinetic) in these different conditions.

• Learn about pulley systems: fixed, movable and compound pulleys.
• Measure the effort force and the load force.
• Measure the distance the force sensor has to be pulled in order to move the load 10 cm and calculate the velocity ratio.
• Calculate the mechanical advantage of each system and find the relationship between the mechanical advantage and the velocity ratio.

• Understand the principles of forces on an inclined plane.
• Measure the parallel component of the gravitational force and compare it to the calculated force.
• Compare the forces within different angles and masses.

• Study the relationship between the voltage applied to a given resistor and the intensity of the current running through it.

• Learn how incandescent light bulbs work.
• Measure the time it takes for a light bulb to turn on from the moment current flows.
• Investigate the effect of heating the filament on the current.

• Learn about electromagnets.
• Build an electromagnet with a nail, a wire and additional electrical elements.
• Investigate how the number of winds affect the magnetic field of the electromagnet.

• Learn about basic properties of magnets.
• Study the relationship between magnetic field strength and the distance from the magnet

• Observe the beats of sound waves produced by two tuning forks on resonance boxes.
• Understand the concept of wave interference.

• Study the relationship between the voltage applied to a given resistor and the intensity of the current running through it.

• Learn how to measure different intensities of sound.
• Understand the meaning of sound units (dB).
• Get a feeling of what dangerous high intensities of sound mean.

• Learn about electromagnets.
• Build an electromagnet with a nail, a wire and an electrical circuit device.
• Investigate how the current affects the magnetic field of the electromagnet.

• Observe through which materials sound travels better.
• Understand the concept of sound isolation.

• Understand the concept of color.
• Demonstrate the effect of color on light absorption and the conversion of that light into heat, using black and white papers.
• Measure body surface temperature while being covered with black or white gloves.

• Study sound waves produced by a tuning fork on a resonance box.
• Learn about period and frequency of sound waves.
• Understand how the length of the tuning fork affects its sound.

• Measure the velocity of falling objects at a minimal air resistance.
• Examine whether two objects with different masses have the same velocity while falling.

• Understand the concept of thermal conductivity.
• Investigate the thermal conductivity of different metals using qualitative and quantitative methods.

• Learn what happens to colored light, when it passes through color filters.
• Investigate the additive color theory.
• Observe a stereoscopic image.

• Understand the principles of light and shadow.
• Measure the intensity of light at the unblocked region, the penumbra region (partly blocked), and the umbra region (fully blocked).
• Investigate different parameters affecting a casted shadow.

• Learn about light reflected from light and dark objects, and the amount of light they absorb.
• Understand the way we perceive different colors and shades.

• Investigate water velocity in different positions of a falling stream.

• Learn about static electricity and how it is created.
• produce static electricity by rubbing different materials against each other, in order to measure it.

• Learn about the period and frequency of a simple pendulum.
• Understand the difference between a simple pendulum and a real life pendulum.
• Examine the effects of length and mass on the pendulum’s period.

• Learn about acceleration and the principles of an acceleration sensor (accelerometer).
• Analyze the acceleration of a moving elevator or vehicle.

• Learn about the relation between impulse and momentum.
• Examine this relation by bouncing a ball on a force plate logger sensor and measuring the applied force.
• Calculate impulse and change in momentum, then compare these values.

• Understand the concepts of projectile motion and trajectories.
• Predict the landing point of a ball by measuring its initial horizontal velocity.
• Generate different velocities and observe the compatible motion pattern.

• Learn about basic properties of magnets.
• Study the magnetic field around a bar magnet through a magnetic field sensor.

• Study the concept of vacuum and partial vacuum.
• Investigate how pumping out air from a box affect the pressure inside.
• Investigate how the change of pressure affects a balloon and a marshmallow that are in the box.

• Learn how incandescent light bulbs work.
• investigate the effect of heating the bulb’s filament on the resistance